abstract：:The nuclear pore complex (NPC) connects the cytoplasm and nucleus through the nuclear envelope and serves as the pipeline for moving material between the two compartments. Macromolecules that move through the NPC range in size from the very small (for example, ions and ATP) to the very large (for example, ribonucleopr...

journal_title：Trends in cell biology

authors： Talcott B,Moore MS

更新日期：1999-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Germ cells in many vertebrate and invertebrate species initiate gametogenesis by forming groups of interconnected cells known as germline cysts. Recent studies using Xenopus, mouse and Drosophila are beginning to uncover the cellular and molecular mechanisms that control germline cyst formation and, in conjunction wit...

journal_title：Trends in cell biology

authors： Pepling ME,de Cuevas M,Spradling AC

更新日期：1999-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:All mature blood cells are derived from the haemopoietic stem cell (HSC). In common with all other haemopoietic cells, stem cells are mobile, and it is this property of mobility that has allowed bone marrow transplantation to become a routine clinical option. Successful transplantation requires haemopoietic stem cells...

journal_title：Trends in cell biology

authors： Whetton AD,Graham GJ

更新日期：1999-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Members of the newly described RGS family of proteins have a common RGS domain that contains GTPase-activating activity for many Galpha subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins. Their ability to dampen signalling via Galphai-, Galphaq- and Galpha12/13-coupled pathways makes them crucial players in mediating the multitude...

journal_title：Trends in cell biology

authors： De Vries L,Gist Farquhar M

更新日期：1999-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The annual meeting of the American Society for Cell Biology (ASCB) is a large and diverse gathering. At last year's meeting**The American Society for Cell Biology 38th Annual Meeting, San Francisco, USA; 12-16 December, 1998. Program chair: Jennifer Lippincott-Schwartz., there were over 8000 attendees, and the topics ...

journal_title：Trends in cell biology

authors： Lee G

更新日期：1999-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Cell biologists have used photobleaching to investigate the lateral mobility of fluorophores on the cell surface since the 1970s. Fusions of green fluorescent protein (GFP) to specific proteins extend photobleaching techniques to the investigation of protein dynamics within the cell, leading to renewed interest in pho...

journal_title：Trends in cell biology

authors： White J,Stelzer E

更新日期：1999-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) contains a variety of specialized proteins that interact with secretory proteins and facilitate their uptake into transport vesicles destined for the Golgi apparatus. These accessory proteins might induce and/or stabilize a conformation that is required for secretion competence or they m...

journal_title：Trends in cell biology

authors： Herrmann JM,Malkus P,Schekman R

更新日期：1999-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are major threats to the genomic integrity of cells. If not taken care of properly, they can cause chromosome fragmentation, loss and translocation, possibly resulting in carcinogenesis. Upon DSB formation, cell-cycle checkpoints are triggered and multiple DSB repair pathways can be act...

journal_title：Trends in cell biology

authors： Kanaar R,Hoeijmakers JH,van Gent DC

更新日期：1998-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The extracellular matrix (ECM) provides signalling cues that regulate cell behaviour and orchestrate functions of cells in tissue formation and homeostasis. The composition of the ECM, its three-dimensional organization and proteolytic remodelling are major determinants of the microenvironmental signalling context tha...

journal_title：Trends in cell biology

authors： Lukashev ME,Werb Z

更新日期：1998-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Export signal sequences target newly synthesized proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum of eukaryotic cells and the plasma membrane of bacteria. All signal sequences contain a hydrophobic core region, but, despite this, they show great variation in both overall length and amino acid sequence. Recently, it has become cl...

journal_title：Trends in cell biology

authors： Martoglio B,Dobberstein B

更新日期：1998-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A new adaptor protein complex, termed AP-3, has recently been identified in mammalian cells, and genetic studies in yeast have revealed a functional role for the AP-3 complex in cargo-selective transport via a new alternative trafficking pathway from the Golgi to the vacuole/lysosome. Here, the authors review what is ...

journal_title：Trends in cell biology

authors： Odorizzi G,Cowles CR,Emr SD

更新日期：1998-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Myc proteins are key regulators of mammalian cell proliferation. They are transcription factors that activate genes as part of a heterodimeric complex with the protein Max. This review summarizes recent progress in understanding how Myc stimulates cell proliferation and how this might contribute to cellular transforma...

journal_title：Trends in cell biology

authors： Bouchard C,Staller P,Eilers M

更新日期：1998-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Bacterial Shiga toxin and related toxins are endocytosed by higher eukaryotic cells. The toxin protein is then transported via the Golgi apparatus to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and into the cytosol, where it exerts its toxic effect. This review discusses current understanding of this retrograde transport pathway a...

journal_title：Trends in cell biology

authors： Johannes L,Goud B

更新日期：1998-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Regulation of cell shape is a poorly understood yet central issue in cell biology. Recent experiments indicate that FH proteins link cellular signalling pathways to changes in cell shape. Members of the FH protein family play essential roles in cytokinesis and in driving alterations in cell polarity. This review discu...

journal_title：Trends in cell biology

authors： Wasserman S

更新日期：1998-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Id helix-loop-helix proteins function at a general level as positive regulators of cell growth and as negative regulators of cell differentiation. They act as dominant-negative antagonists of other helix-loop-helix transcription factors, which drive cell lineage commitment and differentiation in diverse cell types of ...

journal_title：Trends in cell biology

authors： Norton JD,Deed RW,Craggs G,Sablitzky F

更新日期：1998-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Research on the Golgi apparatus has resulted in major advances in understanding its structure and functions, but many important questions remain unanswered. The history of the Golgi apparatus has been marked by arguments and controversies, some of which have been resolved, whereas others are still ongoing. This articl...

journal_title：Trends in cell biology

authors： Farquhar MG,Palade GE

更新日期：1998-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Natural killer (NK) cells employ an unconventional mode of recognition: they kill target cells that lack ligands for inhibitory NK cell receptors. Activation of NK cytotoxicity is tightly controlled by inhibitory receptors that recruit and activate the tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 through the tyrosine-phosphorylated [I/...

journal_title：Trends in cell biology

authors： Burshtyn DN,Long EO

更新日期：1997-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Diverse biological and developmental functions are mediated by signalling through the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor. In flies, many different mechanisms are used to control and restrict EGF-R signalling, including ligand processing, ligand variety (an inhibitor as well as activators), transcription and perhap...

journal_title：Trends in cell biology

authors： Wasserman JD,Freeman M

更新日期：1997-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and stress-activated protein kinases (SAPKs) respond to many extracellular signals, but the large number of these enzymes and their overlapping specificities in vitro has made it extremely difficult to identify the physiological roles and substrates of individual family member...

journal_title：Trends in cell biology

authors： Cohen P

更新日期：1997-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The endoplasmic reticulum contains a number of proteins involved in the processing of secretory polypeptides. These include BiP, which is an Hsp70-family member highly conserved throughout evolution. BiP is known to be intimately involved in several aspects of protein biogenesis, but our understanding of these events ...

journal_title：Trends in cell biology

authors： A R,Tyson JR,Stirling CJ

更新日期：1997-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Recent characterization of the major protein-targeting systems in both yeast and mammalian cells has provided detailed descriptions of how cellular transport processes operate. Increasingly, however, novel protein-sorting mechanisms are being uncovered. These newly discovered 'alternative' mechanisms of protein sortin...

journal_title：Trends in cell biology

authors： Klionsky DJ

更新日期：1997-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:During biosynthesis, MHC class II molecules travel through the endocytic pathway and interact with antigenic peptides before their stable insertion in the plasma membrane. The process of class II association with these peptides and their final deposition at the cell surface are essential steps in boosting specific ant...

journal_title：Trends in cell biology

authors： Wubbolts R,Fernandez-Bona M,Neefjes J

更新日期：1997-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Endocytosis is essential for the entry of many viruses into cells. The primate lentiviruses [human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) 1 and 2, and the simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs)], however, use endocytosis in other aspects of their life cycles. Here, the authors describe the ways in which the endocytic pathway is...

journal_title：Trends in cell biology

authors： Marsh M,Pelchen-Matthews A,Hoxie JA

更新日期：1997-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Studies of the HEDGEHOG signalling pathway in Drosophila have revealed a functional link between two genes, cubitus interruptus and patched, whose human homologues are, respectively, a proto-oncogene and a tumour suppressor. While the former has been implicated as a transcription factor, controversy has surrounded the...

journal_title：Trends in cell biology

authors： van den Heuvel M,Ingham PW

更新日期：1996-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Asymmetric cell divisions are central to the generation of cell-fate diversity because factors that are present in a mother cell and distributed unequally at cell division can generate distinct daughters. The process o f asymmetric cell division can be described as consisting of three steps: setting up an asymmetric c...

journal_title：Trends in cell biology

authors： Gönczy P,Hyman AA

更新日期：1996-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The JAK-STAT signal-transduction pathway is utilized by a wide range of cytokines to regulate gene expression. Cytokines activate members of the JAK family o f protein tyrosine kinases, which in turn activate, by tyrosine phosphorylation, one or more STAT transcription factor family members. Activated STATs form dimer...

journal_title：Trends in cell biology

authors： Briscoe J,Kohlhuber F,Müller M

更新日期：1996-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The transport of protein through the secretory pathway of eukaryotic cells relies on small vesicular carriers, which mediate the movement of cargo between different compartments. Here, Meir Aridor and Bill Balch summarize what is currently known about the role of the cytosolic coat complexes in directing the formation...

journal_title：Trends in cell biology

authors： Aridor M,Balch WE

更新日期：1996-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The role o f iron in cell division, cell death and human disease has recently gained increased attention. The best studied process for iron uptake into mammalian cells involves traps ferrin and its receptor. This review discusses evidence supporting the existence of other routes by which iron can enter mammalian cells...

journal_title：Trends in cell biology

authors： Jefferies WA,Gabathuler R,Rothenberger S,Food M,Kennard ML

更新日期：1996-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:An important aspect of cell behaviour is that DNA replication happens only once per cell cycle. Replicated DNA is unable to re-replicate until cell division has occurred. Unreplicated DNA is in a replication-competent or 'licensed' state. The ability to replicate is lost in S phase and regained following passage throu...

journal_title：Trends in cell biology

authors： Romanowski P,Madine MA

更新日期：1996-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The acid-secreting gastric parietal cell has a unique secretory membrane system. This membrane system exists in an inactive (non-secreting) and an active (secreting) form. The current accepted model to explain the transformation events associated with the conversion of the non-secreting membrane to the secreting membr...

journal_title：Trends in cell biology

authors： Pettitt JM,van Driel IR,Toh BH,Gleeson PA

更新日期：1996-02-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Aggrecan is a large and highly complex macromolecule, uniquely structured to fill space in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of cartilage. Lethal chondrodystrophies resulting from mutations in the structural gene for aggrecan demonstrate the serious consequences of the absence of aggrecan. Other chondrodystrophies are te...

journal_title：Trends in cell biology

authors： Vertel BM

更新日期：1995-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A cell-free system that mimics mitotic fragmentation of Golgi stacks has provided a working model for the disassembly process. Two distinct pathways, one COP-dependent and one COP-independent, act on Golgi stacks to give rise to two types of end products: transport vesicles and larger, more heterogeneous vesicles and ...

journal_title：Trends in cell biology

authors： Warren G,Levine T,Misteli T

更新日期：1995-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Two related transmembrane proteins in mammalian cells bind the mannose 6-phosphate recognition marker present on all soluble lysosomal hydrolases. Recent studies of cells that express only one or neither of these proteins have shed light not only on their function in directing lysosomal enzymes into the endocytic path...

journal_title：Trends in cell biology

authors： Ludwig T,Le Borgne R,Hoflack B

更新日期：1995-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Major advances in science are often tightly coupled with the development of new technology. The discovery of kinesin is an excellent example of this principle. The new technology was video-enhanced differential interference contrast light microscopy, which provided the enormous gain in image contrast needed to detect ...

journal_title：Trends in cell biology

authors： Salmon ED

更新日期：1995-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi uses an unusual mechanism to enter cells. Recent observations revealed that instead of trypanosomes being brought in to fuse with lysosomes, it is the lysosomes that migrate to the trypanosomes and actually participate in their internalization. Signalling events involving intra...

journal_title：Trends in cell biology

authors： Andrews NW

更新日期：1995-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Several recent experimental findings support the hypothesis that apoptosis induced by human immune deficiency virus (HIV) is important in the pathogenesis of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Thus, one potential therapeutic strategy against AIDS may be to block the HIV-mediated apoptosis signal transduction ...

journal_title：Trends in cell biology

authors： Ameisen JC,Estaquier J,Idziorek T,De Bels F

更新日期：1995-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The cell surface receptor Fas/APO-1 and its ligand have recently been identified as important mediators of apoptosis. Both molecules are crucial for the maintenance of a sound immune system, and when defective they give rise to severe autoimmune disorders. Understanding the mechanism and regulation of Fas/APO-1-trigge...

journal_title：Trends in cell biology

authors： Schulze-Osthoff K

更新日期：1994-12-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Ras proteins regulate cell growth and differentiation, and their mutation plays a major, direct role in causing human cancer. For years, their precise function has been a mystery. One of the pathways Ras controls has recently been identified. It consists of a cascade of kinases (Raf, MEK and MAP kinases) that transmit...

journal_title：Trends in cell biology

authors： McCormick F

更新日期：1994-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Lymphocyte migration from high endothelial venules into lymphoid organs is mediated by a sequence of interactions between cell adhesion molecules on lymphocytes and those on the vascular endothelial cells that line the vessels. recent studies suggest that the so-called lymphocyte homing receptors and vascular addressi...

journal_title：Trends in cell biology

authors： Ager A

更新日期：1994-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), the smallest and structurally simplest phospholipid, is a platelet-derived serum factor that evokes a wide range of biological effects, including stimulation of fibroblast proliferation, platelet aggregation, cellular motility, tumour cell invasiveness and neurite retraction. This review s...

journal_title：Trends in cell biology

authors： Moolenaar WH

更新日期：1994-06-01 00:00:00